Historical evolution, application and security requirements of the Internet of things

without doubt , Security is a big problem of the Internet of things , More and more attention . Due to the limited space and the scope of the author's knowledge , We only focus on the basic security requirements of the Internet of things , The known attack methods are mentioned separately for each specific security requirement .

History and its evolution

The term "Internet of things" comes from RFID（ RFID ） Technology evolved from , During world war ii , British researchers have built “Identify Friend or Foe” abbreviation IFF, Identification of friend or foe ; Whenever a British plane receives a signal from the British Army radar , The plane will pass RFID Broadcast a signal , Identify the plane as a friend . from 1950 Year to 1960 year , From the U.S. 、 Researchers in Europe and Japan have successfully used radio frequency energy to remotely identify objects . Soon , With the development of anti-theft system , This technology has been commercialized .1970 years , Los Alamos National Laboratory deployed a device , Used to monitor radioactive substances and transport vehicles using transponders . The technology 1980 Commercialization in the mid-s .

The USDA faces the problem of identifying cattle , Like cows , It needs to be determined whether each cow has received the correct dose of Medicine , Make sure cows don't get double doses by mistake . Los Alamos National Laboratory through the use of UHF Passive detection of radio wave tags RFID To uniquely identify each cow , So that solves the problem . thereafter , Many companies have developed such systems , Use smaller transponders encapsulated in glass and injected into bovine skin ; This technology has been used until now .Kevin Ashton stay 1999 In, it first created... In the context of intelligent transportation system “ The Internet of things ” The word" , Soon the era of interconnection began .1998 Massachusetts Institute of technology Sarma and Brock Connect physical objects to the Internet through tags , take RFID Shaped into an interactive technology . With card I Frequency repeaters are also used to implement controlled access to buildings . in addition to , Wireless self-organization （wireless ad-hoc） And sensor networks can be considered without IP Address the ancestor of the Internet of things .

The first decade of the 21st century is the era of microelectronics and communication ;WSN And wireless Ad-hoc The Internet is on the rise .WSN By providing free wireless communication 、 The ability to perceive and collect data from regions , It provides extensive support for the interaction between people and their surroundings . Usually , The deployment of this network collects data and transmits it to the receiver . The current definition of the Internet of things is “Anything”, “Anytime” and “Anywhere”, All things are interconnected .

Different applications of the Internet of things

The history and development of the Internet of things show that , from the beginning , This technology is considered suitable for commercial applications . The characteristics of connecting and interacting with different things make the Internet of things suitable for various applications , It can be used to solve many real-life problems . The following summarizes some of its practical applications .

• Health care ： Healthcare monitoring system , telemedicine , Doctors can monitor patients remotely .
• Smart home ： In order to improve the quality of life , Washing machine 、 toaster 、 Coffee machine 、 Air conditioner 、 TV 、 The refrigerator 、 Smart phones can be used for household appliances such as security cameras 、 Tablet or connection Internet Laptop control .
• Wearable device ： These devices are implanted with sensors and actuators , It can communicate through Bluetooth and other technologies . They are usually worn on the wrist or connected to the body through smart phones to track human activities .
• Agriculture ： In order to increase crop yield and economic benefits , Introduced smart agriculture . Agricultural Internet of things is used for irrigation control 、 Monitor warehouse and farm animals .
• Intelligent supply chain management ： In order to reduce operating costs , Proper management of real-time data , And realize raw material suppliers 、 shipper 、 Multi party secure communication between manufacturers and customers , The Internet of things has entered potential application scenarios .
• Smart grid ： Because the Internet of things realizes the communication between smart meter and remote power socket ], It provides high-quality energy at the lowest cost , Analyze consumption patterns and achieve load balancing .
• Industrial Internet and intelligent manufacturing ： Using the Internet of things in industry can achieve better power management 、 resource optimization , It helps to reduce costs . Some applications of the Internet of things involve using robots to improve accuracy and intelligent logistics management .
• Smart city ： This application of the Internet of things involves solving medical care problems 、 water 、 energy 、 All services for problems in areas such as traffic management , So as to realize smart city .
• Intelligent Transportation ： The Internet of things connects transport vehicles 、 Roadside assets 、 Traffic lights and dynamic traffic management system , It plays an important role in realizing fast and safe traffic .
• Connected cars ： Under this theme , Cars and other vehicles and things around them are interconnected to share data inside and outside the vehicle , To improve the safety and luxury of travel .
• Intelligent security ： In student safety 、 Application of building safety system and disaster management , The Internet of things helps play a better security effect .
• Environmental protection ： Internet of things can play an important role in environmental monitoring , Because wireless sensor networks can be used to monitor air and water quality 、 Weather and soil conditions .

The classification and composition of the Internet of things

The applications mentioned in the previous section contain a wide variety of things . In this section , We divide them into different categories ; These devices are described below . chart 1 Shows different IOT devices and platforms .

- Sensors are used to “ perception ” The equipment ; The main task of sensors is to sense events or changes in the physical environment , And boot another gadget or computer system .

Internet of things devices and platforms

- WSN Wireless sensor network is a group of special sensors deployed in a wide geographical area , Used to monitor and record changes in physical conditions . They send the collected data to a central location .

- RFID It is a technology that collects data into computer system with the help of RF

- Actuators actuator , Convert a signal into some kind of motion , Like linear 、 Spin, etc , Excitement with expectations for the physical world . sensor / Actuator network (SANET) Wireless sensor and actuator networks (WSAN) Are networks that can sense changes in the environment and use actuators to take appropriate action .

- Internet of things devices

• Wearable device ： This category includes wearable on the body , Equipment that can also communicate .
• Embedded system ： Including sensors 、 Objects of actuators and processors , These objects are composed of software systems and API control , Together they create a connected environment .
• Smart devices ： Electronic equipment , Usually connected to other devices , Can interact and run autonomously .

- Communication devices can communicate with other devices using wired or wireless media . Usually , They have rich computing resources and support GPS Technology .

- Internet of things platform as a service (PaaS) It is allowed to rent cloud infrastructure suitable for various Internet of things applications .

Internet of things security requirements

Up to now , Readers may have been interested in the development of the Internet of things 、 What are the differences in the Internet of things “ thing ” And the practical application of the Internet of things . Before focusing on safety , Let's discuss the basic security requirements and possible attacks on them . The main security requirements of the Internet of things are as follows ：

- confidentiality ： Information must not be disclosed to any unauthorized entity . Because connected devices may transmit confidential data , Therefore, confidentiality is very important .

- integrity ： Refers to the security of assets used in the Internet of things system . Sensitive data is also stored in IOT On local devices . These data include sensitive data and personal data 、 Medical records 、 Manufacturing data 、 Media decryption key 、 Log etc. , This makes integrity a major security requirement .

- to grant authorization ： Determine whether a person or computer can access resources or problem instructions . If an unauthorized person does so , It may lead to the failure of the Internet of things system .

- Usability ： perhaps , When an authorized entity requests access to any resource , It must always be accessible , Otherwise, this may lead to several problems related to function and quality of service .

- Authenticity ： When the device requests service from the remote server , Authentication becomes very important . Source information must be authenticated ; This verification is usually done through authentication technology involving authentication .

- Non repudiation ： When two IOT entities deliver messages between them , It cannot be denied after sending ; This property is usually implemented using a trusted third party .

- Accountability ： Ensure that every operation of each user or device can be taken care of , So that you can easily find the wrong entity . let me put it another way , It helps to identify concerns “ Who did what ”.

- reliability ： It is the requirement to ensure that the Internet of things system works consistently and reliably to provide various services . It refers to the attribute of ensuring the stability of the behavior of the Internet of things system .

- Privacy ： Privacy in the Internet of things refers to the control of user privacy data disclosure . It is an important attribute in the context of the Internet of things .

- Physical security ： Most IOT devices are deployed remotely , Therefore, physical protection is needed to protect them from unauthorized physical access 、 Damage and side channel attack .

The following figure clearly illustrates the main security requirements and the corresponding attacks on them .

Security requirements and attack methods in the Internet of things