Korean Sentence Embedding Repository

Overview

Korean-Sentence-Embedding

๐Ÿญ Korean sentence embedding repository. You can download the pre-trained models and inference right away, also it provides environments where individuals can train models.

Baseline Models

Baseline models used for korean sentence embedding - KLUE-PLMs

Model Embedding size Hidden size # Layers # Heads
KLUE-BERT-base 768 768 12 12
KLUE-RoBERTa-base 768 768 12 12

NOTE: All the pretrained models are uploaded in Huggingface Model Hub. Check https://huggingface.co/klue.

How to start

  • Get datasets to train or test.
bash get_model_dataset.sh
  • If you want to do inference quickly, download the pre-trained models and then you can start some downstream tasks.
bash get_model_checkpoint.sh
cd KoSBERT/
python SemanticSearch.py

Available Models

  1. Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networks [SBERT]-[EMNLP 2019]
  2. SimCSE: Simple Contrastive Learning of Sentence Embeddings [SimCSE]-[EMNLP 2021]

KoSentenceBERT

  • ๐Ÿค— Model Training
  • Dataset
    • Train: snli_1.0_train.ko.tsv (First phase, training NLI), sts-train.tsv (Second phase, continued training STS)
    • Valid: sts-dev.tsv
    • Test: sts-test.tsv

KoSimCSE

  • ๐Ÿค— Model Training
  • Dataset
    • Train: snli_1.0_train.ko.tsv + multinli.train.ko.tsv
    • Valid: sts-dev.tsv
    • Test: sts-test.tsv

Performance

  • Semantic Textual Similarity test set results
Model Cosine Pearson Cosine Spearman Euclidean Pearson Euclidean Spearman Manhattan Pearson Manhattan Spearman Dot Pearson Dot Spearman
KoSBERTโ€ SKT 78.81 78.47 77.68 77.78 77.71 77.83 75.75 75.22
KoSBERTbase 82.13 82.25 80.67 80.75 80.69 80.78 77.96 77.90
KoSRoBERTabase 80.70 81.03 80.97 81.06 80.84 80.97 79.20 78.93
KoSimCSE-BERTโ€ SKT 82.12 82.56 81.84 81.63 81.99 81.74 79.55 79.19
KoSimCSE-BERTbase 82.73 83.51 82.32 82.78 82.43 82.88 77.86 76.70
KoSimCSE-RoBERTabase 83.64 84.05 83.32 83.84 83.33 83.79 80.92 79.84

Downstream Tasks

  • KoSBERT: Semantic Search, Clustering
python SemanticSearch.py
python Clustering.py
  • KoSimCSE: Semantic Search
python SemanticSearch.py

Semantic Search (KoSBERT)

from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer, util
import numpy as np

model_path = '../Checkpoint/KoSBERT/kosbert-klue-bert-base'

embedder = SentenceTransformer(model_path)

# Corpus with example sentences
corpus = ['ํ•œ ๋‚จ์ž๊ฐ€ ์Œ์‹์„ ๋จน๋Š”๋‹ค.',
          'ํ•œ ๋‚จ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋นต ํ•œ ์กฐ๊ฐ์„ ๋จน๋Š”๋‹ค.',
          '๊ทธ ์—ฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ์•„์ด๋ฅผ ๋Œ๋ณธ๋‹ค.',
          'ํ•œ ๋‚จ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ง์„ ํƒ„๋‹ค.',
          'ํ•œ ์—ฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ฌ๋ฆฐ์„ ์—ฐ์ฃผํ•œ๋‹ค.',
          '๋‘ ๋‚จ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜๋ ˆ๋ฅผ ์ˆฒ ์†ฆ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ€์—ˆ๋‹ค.',
          'ํ•œ ๋‚จ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋‹ด์œผ๋กœ ์‹ธ์ธ ๋•…์—์„œ ๋ฐฑ๋งˆ๋ฅผ ํƒ€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.',
          '์›์ˆญ์ด ํ•œ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋“œ๋Ÿผ์„ ์—ฐ์ฃผํ•œ๋‹ค.',
          '์น˜ํƒ€ ํ•œ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋จน์ด ๋’ค์—์„œ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.']

corpus_embeddings = embedder.encode(corpus, convert_to_tensor=True)

# Query sentences:
queries = ['ํ•œ ๋‚จ์ž๊ฐ€ ํŒŒ์Šคํƒ€๋ฅผ ๋จน๋Š”๋‹ค.',
           '๊ณ ๋ฆด๋ผ ์˜์ƒ์„ ์ž…์€ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋“œ๋Ÿผ์„ ์—ฐ์ฃผํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.',
           '์น˜ํƒ€๊ฐ€ ๋“คํŒ์„ ๊ฐ€๋กœ ์งˆ๋Ÿฌ ๋จน์ด๋ฅผ ์ซ“๋Š”๋‹ค.']

# Find the closest 5 sentences of the corpus for each query sentence based on cosine similarity
top_k = 5
for query in queries:
    query_embedding = embedder.encode(query, convert_to_tensor=True)
    cos_scores = util.pytorch_cos_sim(query_embedding, corpus_embeddings)[0]
    cos_scores = cos_scores.cpu()

    #We use np.argpartition, to only partially sort the top_k results
    top_results = np.argpartition(-cos_scores, range(top_k))[0:top_k]

    print("\n\n======================\n\n")
    print("Query:", query)
    print("\nTop 5 most similar sentences in corpus:")

    for idx in top_results[0:top_k]:
        print(corpus[idx].strip(), "(Score: %.4f)" % (cos_scores[idx]))
  • Results are as follows :

Query: ํ•œ ๋‚จ์ž๊ฐ€ ํŒŒ์Šคํƒ€๋ฅผ ๋จน๋Š”๋‹ค.

Top 5 most similar sentences in corpus:
ํ•œ ๋‚จ์ž๊ฐ€ ์Œ์‹์„ ๋จน๋Š”๋‹ค. (Score: 0.6141)
ํ•œ ๋‚จ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋นต ํ•œ ์กฐ๊ฐ์„ ๋จน๋Š”๋‹ค. (Score: 0.5952)
ํ•œ ๋‚จ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ง์„ ํƒ„๋‹ค. (Score: 0.1231)
ํ•œ ๋‚จ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋‹ด์œผ๋กœ ์‹ธ์ธ ๋•…์—์„œ ๋ฐฑ๋งˆ๋ฅผ ํƒ€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. (Score: 0.0752)
๋‘ ๋‚จ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜๋ ˆ๋ฅผ ์ˆฒ ์†ฆ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ€์—ˆ๋‹ค. (Score: 0.0486)


======================


Query: ๊ณ ๋ฆด๋ผ ์˜์ƒ์„ ์ž…์€ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋“œ๋Ÿผ์„ ์—ฐ์ฃผํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.

Top 5 most similar sentences in corpus:
์›์ˆญ์ด ํ•œ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋“œ๋Ÿผ์„ ์—ฐ์ฃผํ•œ๋‹ค. (Score: 0.6656)
์น˜ํƒ€ ํ•œ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋จน์ด ๋’ค์—์„œ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. (Score: 0.2988)
ํ•œ ์—ฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ฌ๋ฆฐ์„ ์—ฐ์ฃผํ•œ๋‹ค. (Score: 0.1566)
ํ•œ ๋‚จ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ง์„ ํƒ„๋‹ค. (Score: 0.1112)
ํ•œ ๋‚จ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋‹ด์œผ๋กœ ์‹ธ์ธ ๋•…์—์„œ ๋ฐฑ๋งˆ๋ฅผ ํƒ€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. (Score: 0.0262)


======================


Query: ์น˜ํƒ€๊ฐ€ ๋“คํŒ์„ ๊ฐ€๋กœ ์งˆ๋Ÿฌ ๋จน์ด๋ฅผ ์ซ“๋Š”๋‹ค.

Top 5 most similar sentences in corpus:
์น˜ํƒ€ ํ•œ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋จน์ด ๋’ค์—์„œ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. (Score: 0.7570)
๋‘ ๋‚จ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜๋ ˆ๋ฅผ ์ˆฒ ์†ฆ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ€์—ˆ๋‹ค. (Score: 0.3658)
์›์ˆญ์ด ํ•œ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋“œ๋Ÿผ์„ ์—ฐ์ฃผํ•œ๋‹ค. (Score: 0.3583)
ํ•œ ๋‚จ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ง์„ ํƒ„๋‹ค. (Score: 0.0505)
๊ทธ ์—ฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ์•„์ด๋ฅผ ๋Œ๋ณธ๋‹ค. (Score: -0.0087)

Clustering (KoSBERT)

from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer, util
import numpy as np

model_path = '../Checkpoint/KoSBERT/kosbert-klue-bert-base'

embedder = SentenceTransformer(model_path)

# Corpus with example sentences
corpus = ['ํ•œ ๋‚จ์ž๊ฐ€ ์Œ์‹์„ ๋จน๋Š”๋‹ค.',
          'ํ•œ ๋‚จ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋นต ํ•œ ์กฐ๊ฐ์„ ๋จน๋Š”๋‹ค.',
          '๊ทธ ์—ฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ์•„์ด๋ฅผ ๋Œ๋ณธ๋‹ค.',
          'ํ•œ ๋‚จ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ง์„ ํƒ„๋‹ค.',
          'ํ•œ ์—ฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ฌ๋ฆฐ์„ ์—ฐ์ฃผํ•œ๋‹ค.',
          '๋‘ ๋‚จ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜๋ ˆ๋ฅผ ์ˆฒ ์†ฆ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ€์—ˆ๋‹ค.',
          'ํ•œ ๋‚จ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋‹ด์œผ๋กœ ์‹ธ์ธ ๋•…์—์„œ ๋ฐฑ๋งˆ๋ฅผ ํƒ€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.',
          '์›์ˆญ์ด ํ•œ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋“œ๋Ÿผ์„ ์—ฐ์ฃผํ•œ๋‹ค.',
          '์น˜ํƒ€ ํ•œ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋จน์ด ๋’ค์—์„œ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.',
          'ํ•œ ๋‚จ์ž๊ฐ€ ํŒŒ์Šคํƒ€๋ฅผ ๋จน๋Š”๋‹ค.',
          '๊ณ ๋ฆด๋ผ ์˜์ƒ์„ ์ž…์€ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋“œ๋Ÿผ์„ ์—ฐ์ฃผํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.',
          '์น˜ํƒ€๊ฐ€ ๋“คํŒ์„ ๊ฐ€๋กœ ์งˆ๋Ÿฌ ๋จน์ด๋ฅผ ์ซ“๋Š”๋‹ค.']

corpus_embeddings = embedder.encode(corpus)

# Then, we perform k-means clustering using sklearn:
from sklearn.cluster import KMeans

num_clusters = 5
clustering_model = KMeans(n_clusters=num_clusters)
clustering_model.fit(corpus_embeddings)
cluster_assignment = clustering_model.labels_

clustered_sentences = [[] for i in range(num_clusters)]
for sentence_id, cluster_id in enumerate(cluster_assignment):
    clustered_sentences[cluster_id].append(corpus[sentence_id])

for i, cluster in enumerate(clustered_sentences):
    print("Cluster ", i+1)
    print(cluster)
    print("")
  • Results are as follows:
Cluster  1
['ํ•œ ๋‚จ์ž๊ฐ€ ์Œ์‹์„ ๋จน๋Š”๋‹ค.', 'ํ•œ ๋‚จ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋นต ํ•œ ์กฐ๊ฐ์„ ๋จน๋Š”๋‹ค.', 'ํ•œ ๋‚จ์ž๊ฐ€ ํŒŒ์Šคํƒ€๋ฅผ ๋จน๋Š”๋‹ค.']

Cluster  2
['์›์ˆญ์ด ํ•œ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋“œ๋Ÿผ์„ ์—ฐ์ฃผํ•œ๋‹ค.', '๊ณ ๋ฆด๋ผ ์˜์ƒ์„ ์ž…์€ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋“œ๋Ÿผ์„ ์—ฐ์ฃผํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.']

Cluster  3
['ํ•œ ๋‚จ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ง์„ ํƒ„๋‹ค.', '๋‘ ๋‚จ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜๋ ˆ๋ฅผ ์ˆฒ ์†ฆ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ€์—ˆ๋‹ค.', 'ํ•œ ๋‚จ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋‹ด์œผ๋กœ ์‹ธ์ธ ๋•…์—์„œ ๋ฐฑ๋งˆ๋ฅผ ํƒ€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.']

Cluster  4
['์น˜ํƒ€ ํ•œ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋จน์ด ๋’ค์—์„œ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.', '์น˜ํƒ€๊ฐ€ ๋“คํŒ์„ ๊ฐ€๋กœ ์งˆ๋Ÿฌ ๋จน์ด๋ฅผ ์ซ“๋Š”๋‹ค.']

Cluster  5
['๊ทธ ์—ฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ์•„์ด๋ฅผ ๋Œ๋ณธ๋‹ค.', 'ํ•œ ์—ฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ฌ๋ฆฐ์„ ์—ฐ์ฃผํ•œ๋‹ค.']

References

@misc{park2021klue,
    title={KLUE: Korean Language Understanding Evaluation},
    author={Sungjoon Park and Jihyung Moon and Sungdong Kim and Won Ik Cho and Jiyoon Han and Jangwon Park and Chisung Song and Junseong Kim and Yongsook Song and Taehwan Oh and Joohong Lee and Juhyun Oh and Sungwon Lyu and Younghoon Jeong and Inkwon Lee and Sangwoo Seo and Dongjun Lee and Hyunwoo Kim and Myeonghwa Lee and Seongbo Jang and Seungwon Do and Sunkyoung Kim and Kyungtae Lim and Jongwon Lee and Kyumin Park and Jamin Shin and Seonghyun Kim and Lucy Park and Alice Oh and Jung-Woo Ha and Kyunghyun Cho},
    year={2021},
    eprint={2105.09680},
    archivePrefix={arXiv},
    primaryClass={cs.CL}
}
@inproceedings{gao2021simcse,
   title={{SimCSE}: Simple Contrastive Learning of Sentence Embeddings},
   author={Gao, Tianyu and Yao, Xingcheng and Chen, Danqi},
   booktitle={Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP)},
   year={2021}
}
@article{ham2020kornli,
  title={KorNLI and KorSTS: New Benchmark Datasets for Korean Natural Language Understanding},
  author={Ham, Jiyeon and Choe, Yo Joong and Park, Kyubyong and Choi, Ilji and Soh, Hyungjoon},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2004.03289},
  year={2020}
}
@inproceedings{reimers-2019-sentence-bert,
    title = "Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networks",
    author = "Reimers, Nils and Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = "11",
    year = "2019",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "http://arxiv.org/abs/1908.10084",
}
Owner
Self-softmax
Create a machine learning model which will predict if the mortgage will be approved or not based on 5 variables

Mortgage-Application-Analysis Create a machine learning model which will predict if the mortgage will be approved or not based on 5 variables: age, in

1 Jan 29, 2022
AI and Machine Learning workflows on Anthos Bare Metal.

Hybrid and Sovereign AI on Anthos Bare Metal Table of Contents Overview Terraform as IaC Substrate ABM Cluster on GCE using Terraform TensorFlow ResNe

Google Cloud Platform 8 Nov 26, 2022
Research code for ECCV 2020 paper "UNITER: UNiversal Image-TExt Representation Learning"

UNITER: UNiversal Image-TExt Representation Learning This is the official repository of UNITER (ECCV 2020). This repository currently supports finetun

Yen-Chun Chen 680 Dec 24, 2022
Code for the paper "VisualBERT: A Simple and Performant Baseline for Vision and Language"

This repository contains code for the following two papers: VisualBERT: A Simple and Performant Baseline for Vision and Language (arxiv) with a short

Natural Language Processing @UCLA 464 Jan 04, 2023
ConferencingSpeech2022; Non-intrusive Objective Speech Quality Assessment (NISQA) Challenge

ConferencingSpeech 2022 challenge This repository contains the datasets list and scripts required for the ConferencingSpeech 2022 challenge. For more

21 Dec 02, 2022
Fixes mojibake and other glitches in Unicode text, after the fact.

ftfy: fixes text for you print(fix_encoding("(ร ยธโ€ก'รขล’ยฃ')ร ยธโ€ก")) (เธ‡'โŒฃ')เธ‡ Full documentation: https://ftfy.readthedocs.org Testimonials โ€œMy life is li

Luminoso Technologies, Inc. 3.4k Dec 29, 2022
An open-source NLP research library, built on PyTorch.

An Apache 2.0 NLP research library, built on PyTorch, for developing state-of-the-art deep learning models on a wide variety of linguistic tasks. Quic

AI2 11.4k Jan 01, 2023
SimBERTๅ‡็บง็‰ˆ๏ผˆSimBERTv2๏ผ‰๏ผ

RoFormer-Sim RoFormer-Sim๏ผŒๅˆ็งฐSimBERTv2๏ผŒๆ˜ฏๆˆ‘ไปฌไน‹ๅ‰ๅ‘ๅธƒ็š„SimBERTๆจกๅž‹็š„ๅ‡็บง็‰ˆใ€‚ ไป‹็ป https://kexue.fm/archives/8454 ่ฎญ็ปƒ tensorflow 1.14 + keras 2.3.1 + bert4keras 0.10.6 ไธ‹่ฝฝ

317 Dec 23, 2022
jiant is an NLP toolkit

๐Ÿšจ Update ๐Ÿšจ : As of 2021/10/17, the jiant project is no longer being actively maintained. This means there will be no plans to add new models, tasks,

MLยฒ AT CILVR 1.5k Dec 28, 2022
Text Classification in Turkish Texts with Bert

You can watch the details of the project on my youtube channel Project Interface Project Second Interface Goal= Correctly guessing the classification

42 Dec 31, 2022
PyWorld3 is a Python implementation of the World3 model

The World3 model revisited in Python Install & Hello World3 How to tune your own simulation Licence How to cite PyWorld3 with Bibtex References & ackn

Charles Vanwynsberghe 248 Dec 14, 2022
A retro text-to-speech bot for Discord

hawking A retro text-to-speech bot for Discord, designed to work with all of the stuff you might've seen in Moonbase Alpha, using the existing command

Nick Schorr 23 Dec 25, 2022
This repository will contain the code for the CVPR 2021 paper "GIRAFFE: Representing Scenes as Compositional Generative Neural Feature Fields"

GIRAFFE: Representing Scenes as Compositional Generative Neural Feature Fields Project Page | Paper | Supplementary | Video | Slides | Blog | Talk If

1.1k Dec 27, 2022
A Survey of Natural Language Generation in Task-Oriented Dialogue System (TOD): Recent Advances and New Frontiers

A Survey of Natural Language Generation in Task-Oriented Dialogue System (TOD): Recent Advances and New Frontiers

Libo Qin 132 Nov 25, 2022
Open Source Neural Machine Translation in PyTorch

OpenNMT-py: Open-Source Neural Machine Translation OpenNMT-py is the PyTorch version of the OpenNMT project, an open-source (MIT) neural machine trans

OpenNMT 5.8k Jan 04, 2023
Library of deep learning models and datasets designed to make deep learning more accessible and accelerate ML research.

Tensor2Tensor Tensor2Tensor, or T2T for short, is a library of deep learning models and datasets designed to make deep learning more accessible and ac

12.9k Jan 07, 2023
ใ€ๅŽŸ็ฅžใ€‘่‡ชๅŠจๆผ”ๅฅ้ฃŽ็‰ฉไน‹่ฏ—็ด็š„็จ‹ๅบ

็–ฏ็‰ฉไน‹่ฏ—็ด ่ฏปๅ–midiๅนถ่‡ชๅŠจๆผ”ๅฅๅŽŸ็ฅž้ฃŽ็‰ฉไน‹่ฏ—็ดใ€‚ ๅฏไปฅ่‡ชๅฎšไน‰้…็ฝฎๆ–‡ไปถ่‡ชๅŠจ่ฐƒๆ•ด้Ÿณ็ฌฆๆฅ้€‚้…้ฃŽ็‰ฉไน‹่ฏ—็ดใ€‚ ๏ผˆๅŽŸ็ฅž1.4็›ดๆ’ญ้‚ฃๅคฉๅฐฑๅผ€ๅง‹ๅšไบ†๏ผๅˆฐ็Žฐๅœจๆ‰่ƒฝๆ”พๅ‡บๆฅใ€‚ใ€‚๏ผ‰ ๅฆ‚ไฝ•ไฝฟ็”จ ๅœจRelease้กต้ขไธญไธ‹่ฝฝๆ‰“ๅŒ…ๅฅฝ็š„็จ‹ๅบๅ’ŒmidiๅŽ‹็ผฉๅŒ…ๅนถ่งฃๅŽ‹ใ€‚ ๅŒๅ‡ป่ฟ่กŒโ€œ็–ฏ็‰ฉไน‹่ฏ—็ด.exeโ€ใ€‚ ๅœจๅŽŸ็ฅžไธญๆ‰“ๅผ€้ฃŽ็‰ฉไน‹่ฏ—็ด๏ผŒ่ฝฏไปถๅ†…่พ“ๅ…ฅ

435 Jan 04, 2023
Test finetuning of XLSR (multilingual wav2vec 2.0) for other speech classification tasks

wav2vec_finetune Test finetuning of XLSR (multilingual wav2vec 2.0) for other speech classification tasks Initial test: gender recognition on this dat

8 Aug 11, 2022
SimCTG - A Contrastive Framework for Neural Text Generation

A Contrastive Framework for Neural Text Generation Authors: Yixuan Su, Tian Lan,

Yixuan Su 345 Jan 03, 2023
The proliferation of disinformation across social media has led the application of deep learning techniques to detect fake news.

Fake News Detection Overview The proliferation of disinformation across social media has led the application of deep learning techniques to detect fak

Kushal Shingote 1 Feb 08, 2022