BERT is to NLP what AlexNet is to CV
This is the official implementation of BERT is to NLP what AlexNet is to CV: Can Pre-Trained Language Models Identify Analogies? (the camera-ready version of the paper is here) which has been accepted by the ACL 2021 main conference. We evaluate pretrained language models (LM) on five analogy tests that follow SAT-style format as below.
QUERY word:language
OPTION
(1) paint:portrait
(2) poetry:rhythm
(3) note:music <-- the answer!
(4) tale:story
(5) week:year
We devise a new class of scoring functions, referred to as analogical proportion (AP) scores, to solve word analogies in an unsurpervised fashion and investigate the relational knowledge that LM learnt through pretraining.
Please see our paper for more information and discussion.
Get started
git clone https://github.com/asahi417/analogy-language-model
cd analogy-language-model
pip install -e .
Run Experiments
The following scripts reproduce our results in the paper.
# get result for our main AP score
python experiments/experiment_ppl_variants.py
# get result for word embedding baseline
python experiments/experiment_word_embedding.py
# get result for other scoring function such as vector difference, etc
python experiments/experiment_scoring_comparison.py
Here's the result summary that can be attained by running those scripts.
Dataset
The datasets used in our experiments can be downloaded from the following link:
Please see the Analogy Tool for more information about the dataset and baselines.
Citation
Please cite our reference paper if you use our data or code:
@inproceedings{ushio-etal-2021-bert,
title = "{BERT} is to {NLP} what {A}lex{N}et is to {CV}: Can Pre-Trained Language Models Identify Analogies?",
author = "Ushio, Asahi and
Espinosa Anke, Luis and
Schockaert, Steven and
Camacho-Collados, Jose",
booktitle = "Proceedings of the 59th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 11th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
month = aug,
year = "2021",
address = "Online",
publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
url = "https://aclanthology.org/2021.acl-long.280",
doi = "10.18653/v1/2021.acl-long.280",
pages = "3609--3624",
abstract = "Analogies play a central role in human commonsense reasoning. The ability to recognize analogies such as {``}eye is to seeing what ear is to hearing{''}, sometimes referred to as analogical proportions, shape how we structure knowledge and understand language. Surprisingly, however, the task of identifying such analogies has not yet received much attention in the language model era. In this paper, we analyze the capabilities of transformer-based language models on this unsupervised task, using benchmarks obtained from educational settings, as well as more commonly used datasets. We find that off-the-shelf language models can identify analogies to a certain extent, but struggle with abstract and complex relations, and results are highly sensitive to model architecture and hyperparameters. Overall the best results were obtained with GPT-2 and RoBERTa, while configurations using BERT were not able to outperform word embedding models. Our results raise important questions for future work about how, and to what extent, pre-trained language models capture knowledge about abstract semantic relations.",
}
Please also cite the relevant reference papers if using any of the analogy datasets.
138 Dec 30, 2022
203 Dec 20, 2022
27 Dec 12, 2022
197 Dec 25, 2022
4 Jan 22, 2022
3 Jan 12, 2022
82 Dec 19, 2022
63 Dec 25, 2022
3.1k Jan 8, 2023
248 Dec 14, 2022
2.3k Jan 01, 2023
5.2k Dec 29, 2022
7 Dec 10, 2022
8 May 19, 2022
74 Jan 04, 2023
18 Nov 28, 2022
37 Nov 29, 2022
1 Nov 26, 2022
1 Jun 05, 2022
14 Dec 12, 2022
1 Dec 20, 2021
40 Jan 04, 2023
207 Nov 22, 2022
3 Aug 08, 2021
1 Dec 30, 2021
19 Jul 18, 2022
8 Mar 24, 2022
163 Dec 23, 2022
4 Oct 24, 2021