Gu He health

In the detection report of intestinal flora of cereal grass , Sometimes you see such test results , Chlamydia trachomatis is outside the normal range .

What exactly is this Chlamydia trachomatis ？

What does the detection of Chlamydia in feces mean ？

What problems can Chlamydia infection bring ？

Under what circumstances will it be infected ？

How to solve the infection ？

What should we pay attention to ？

......

This article will introduce in detail —— chlamydia .

01

Know chlamydia  Chlamydia

Chlamydia is a tiny group of , Specificity Intracellular growth , Yes Unique life cycle Of microbes , Gram negative . it Smaller than bacteria , Bigger than a virus , It is a kind of microorganism similar to bacteria and viruses . Dependent on host cells , With adenosine triphosphate (ATP) And nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) Form provides energy .

Chlamydia exists in two stages ：

(1) Infectious particles are called Protoplasts （elementary bodies）

(2) The form of cytoplasmic reproduction is called Reticular body （ reticulate bodies）

In addition to eye and respiratory infections , They are mainly sexually transmitted . Use Antibiotic Can cure the infection .

Laboratory of Dr. Lance Liotta

classification

world ： Bacteria

door ： Chlamydia door

The outline ： Chlamydia

Objective ： Chlamydia

Families, ： Chlamydia

Belong to ： Chlamydia

Chlamydia can be divided into the following categories ：

• Chlamydia trachomatis
• Chlamydia psittaci
• Chlamydia pneumoniae
• Chlamydia bovis

The first three are more common , These three categories of Chlamydia will be described in detail in the following chapters .

Morphology and genome

• Chlamydia is small 、 Round to oval creatures , The size will vary at different stages of its replication cycle .
• The envelope has two lipid bilayers .
• chlamydia DNA The genome is small .
• Genome size ：1230 Kilobase pair (kbs)（ Chlamydia pneumoniae ）
• There is a mechanism for protein synthesis , Because they have ribosomes .
• Some contain DNA Plasmid and phage genomes .
• ORF：800-1000

Physiological metabolism

Chlamydia needs living cells to grow . They cannot synthesize their own ATP Or oxidative regeneration NAD+.

With an external supply of high-energy molecules , Chlamydia comes from glucose 、 pyruvic acid and Glutamate Compounds, etc Carbon dioxide production , And carry out the usual bacterial metabolic activities .

The growth of Chlamydia trachomatis Tryptophan dependent . However , Chlamydia trachomatis Can't synthesize Tryptophan and use the environment for tryptophan metabolism . If Chlamydia trachomatis lives In an environment lacking tryptophan in , It will differentiate into a kind of Not contagious Persistent exception form .

02

What are the symptoms of Chlamydia infection ？

Some people think Chlamydia is a kind of “ silent ” infection . Most infected people No symptoms .

about  70-95%  Of women and  50%  No Chlamydia symptoms were observed after Chlamydia infection in men . Symptoms can also be slight , Hardly obvious .

The survey shows that , Many Chlamydia infections occur in 25 Young people under the age of , Worldwide cases of underwear mycoplasma infection are Increasing .

Chlamydia can have different symptoms after infecting men and women .

Symptoms after infection in different genders

women ：

• Abnormal vaginal discharge , Sometimes yellow and smelly
• Urination is painful and frequent
• Bleeding during menstruation or more menstruation
• Pain during intercourse or bleeding after intercourse
• Lower abdominal pain , Sometimes accompanied by nausea and low fever
• Swollen skin in the vagina or around the anus

men ：

• The white discharge from the top of the penis / Turbid , Watery secretions
• Urination pain
• Testicular pain and / Or swelling
• There is burning and itching around the opening of the penis
• The skin around the anus is swollen

Symptoms after infection in different parts

Unprotected sex can also lead to infections in other parts of the body , Like anus 、 throat 、 Eyes, etc .

• Anus ： Pain and discomfort 、 Secretions and / Or bleeding
• throat ： Usually no symptoms
• eyes ： Turn red 、 Itch 、 swelling 、 Pain or secretion similar to conjunctivitis

03

How is Chlamydia infected ？

The way of transmission

• The most common is through the penis of an infected person 、 Vagina 、 Anus and / Or sexual contact in the rectal area and oral cavity .
• The other way ： If your eyes are infected , Eye secretions may contain transmissible microorganisms . It's just spread through contact , Usually direct physical contact .

Is it possible to infect chlamydia from the toilet seat ？

Chlamydia trachomatis is the bacterium that causes Chlamydia infection , Can't live outside the human body . therefore , No Chlamydia infection from the toilet seat . Chlamydia also Will not spread through other informal contacts , Such as hug 、 kiss , Or sharing towels 、 Sheet 、 Swimming pool or tableware, etc .

So some people are worried , If you touch a towel 、 The residual fresh body fluid of the Chlamydia infected person on the bed sheet or toilet seat , Will it infect ？

If only because Touch the skin or hips And come into contact with , yes not enough Let you infection Of . It requires contact with the right body tissue , Such as cervix 、 The urethra or cornea can survive .

Susceptible people

• People with new sexual partners or multiple sexual partners
• STD infection history
• There is another venereal disease
• People who take oral contraceptives
• Lack of barrier contraceptives
• puberty

The above groups should pay more attention to .

Communication characteristics

• Transmission is sexual transmission and perinatal transmission
• Highly contagious
• There are significant asymptomatic hosts in the population
• Reinfection is common
• Perinatal transmission leads to 30%-50% Neonatal conjunctivitis in exposed infants
• Incubation period 7-21 God

We can see , Chlamydia has an incubation period , That is, at the beginning of the infection, the human body may not perceive , However, changes may occur in cells all the time , So at this stage , What's going on ？

It starts with Chlamydia Attachment Start talking about... On another person's cell .

The growth and development of Chlamydia has two stages , These two stages are two different forms ：

One is Small and dense Of Protoplasts (Elementarybody,EB),

The other is Large and loose Of Reticular body (Reticulatebody,RB),

if Protoplasts Bearing infection The task of , that Reticular body More is to bear Reproduction Mission . Protoplasts are usually found in the semen of infected men and vaginal secretions of infected women .

Let's look at its whole life cycle .

Life cycle

Stage 1 —— Protoplasts

First , Chlamydia trachomatis is a kind of Microspores of protoplasts Like form Attachment In the new Host cells On . Protosomes bind to cells through the interaction between adhesin on its surface and several host receptor proteins and heparan sulfate proteoglycans .

Protosomes enter host cells , The host vacuole of the inclusion body Surround .

In the inclusion body , Chlamydia turns into a kind of Bigger 、 Metabolically more active form , be called Reticular body .

Stage 2 —— Reticular body

The reticular body significantly changes the contents , Make it a Bacteria replicate rapidly Of More livable Environmental Science , This will be in the next 30 - 72 Within hours .

A large number of intracellular bacteria are then transformed back into Drug resistant Protoplasts of , Then it causes the cells to rupture And be Release Into the environment .

Then these new protoplasts are in semen Fall off Or from the epithelial cells of the female genital tract Release come out , and Attachment On new host cells .

And this time , Protoplasts continue to infect adjacent cells and start a new cycle of development

...

Virulence factors

• Lack of peptidoglycans .
• Antigenic variation .
• Major outer membrane proteins （MOMP）—— Change the surface protein
• Several debilitating enzymes —— Escape the host immune system
• Chlamydia proteasome / Protease like active factor (CPAF) - Degrade the host DNA
• ChlaDub1 An enzyme is a protease , Can inhibit NF-6B Activate and I6B The degradation , Both of them play an important role in inducing host inflammatory response .

Del Balzo D, et al.,Front Immunol. 2021

04

There are three common types of Chlamydia transmission 、 Symptoms and prevention

At present, there are three known Chlamydia species that can cause human diseases ： Chlamydia psittaci 、 Chlamydia trachomatis 、 Chlamydia pneumoniae .

Let's introduce these three types of Chlamydia in detail .

1. Chlamydia psittaci  chlamydophila psittaci

Intracellular gram-negative . Chlamydia psittaci has major Outer membrane protein （MOMP）, Its function is similar to the biochemical characteristics of porin . These channels can penetration ATP, And it could be bacteria Using nucleoside triphosphate Way . It can be obtained from host cells ATP And essential amino acids .

Psittacosis , Also known as bird disease , It refers to a zoonotic disease （ Like a parrot 、 Peacock 、 chicken 、 duck 、 Pigeon, etc ）.

*  The way of transmission

adopt inhalation Respiratory tract of infected birds secretion or Dust contaminated by feces And spread to humans . Other forms of contact include mouth-to-mouth contact and handling of feathers and tissues of infected birds .

Poultry farms 、 Slaughter Workshop 、 Down processing factory 、 Farmers' markets or poultry and bird distribution centers 、 Carrier pigeon training base and so on may become Place of infection .

Sick or aborted cattle, sheep and pigs 、 Birds with bacteria or disease 、 poultry 、 Wild waterfowl 、 A healthy looking but bacteria free parrot 、 The canary 、 Pigeons and other ornamental birds are also important Source of infection .

Besides , Patients with Chlamydia psittaci bacteria Expectoration Also has the Infectious .

Human diseases usually target lower respiratory tract .

• Acute fever 、 Dry cough 、 Aversion to cold 、 Have a headache 、 Cough and other flu like symptoms , May be accompanied by dyspnea and chest tightness .< At the time of treatment , It's easy to be misdiagnosed as a cold or respiratory infection >
• All over the body , Possible muscle pain , Mild nephritis , Epistaxis, etc
• There are serious diseases in pregnant women , Including respiratory failure , Thrombocytopenia , Hepatitis and fetal death
• Bilateral patchy pulmonary infiltration was observed .
• Hepatosplenomegaly is a common concomitant feature .

*  Incubation period

After being infected 5--14 God

*  Treatment

Antibiotic

*  The prevention of

• When cleaning cages or handling infected poultry , Wear protective clothing , Wear gloves , Put on a disposable surgical cap , Wear N95 masks .
• Avoid buying and selling birds with signs of infection , Implement preventive feeding .
• Place the cage , To prevent feces , Feather , Transfer of food and other substances from one cage to another .
• Clean all cages every day 、 Food and water bowls . Dirty bowls should be emptied , Rinse , Put it in disinfectant , Rinse again and then reuse .

• 2. Chlamydia trachomatis

Chlamydia trachomatis

gram-negative , An obligate intracellular aerobic , In the shape of a ball or rod , Lack of peptidoglycan cell wall , It takes growing cells to stay alive , Because it can't synthesize its own ATP.

Yes Glycolysis Pathways and related Tricarboxylic acid cycle . The synthesis of glycogen and the use of glucose derivatives play an auxiliary role in metabolism . Metabolic precursors and products , Such as pyruvate 、 Succinic acid 、 glycerol -3- Phosphoric acid and NADH Dehydrogenase 、NADH The presence of ubiquitin oxidoreductase and cytochrome oxidase indicates , Chlamydia trachomatis Electron transfer To generate energy . It has a variety of strategies Escape the immune system .

Chlamydia trachomatis , Not only can it cause trachoma . actually , At present, Chlamydia trachomatis has been found to have 15 Serotypes , Can cause different diseases , Except trachoma , It may also cause reproductive tract infection , Even cause infertility .

*  Symptoms and routes of transmission

It mainly infects mucous membrane , For example, the cervix , Rectum , Urethra , Throat and conjunctiva . Most people have no symptoms .

Female pelvic inflammatory disease （PID）, Fallopian tube obstruction , Infertility , Ectopic pregnancy .

Epididymitis , prostatitis , urethritis .

Trachoma can be transmitted by direct or indirect contact .

• Non gonococcal urethritis ：

chlamydia NGU The symptoms are similar to those caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae . Whether or not there are local symptoms , Infection can rise to Upper genital tract , It affects male epididymis and female fallopian tubes and adjacent tissues （ pelvic infection ）.

• Venereal lymphogranuloma ：

Chlamydia trachomatis serotype L1、L2 and L3 Can cause venereal lymphogranuloma (LGV), This is a more aggressive sexually transmitted disease .

LGV It is characterized by transient papules on the external genitalia , Later on 1 to 2 Pain and swelling of inguinal and perirectal lymph nodes within months .

• Neonatal infection ：

From... During childbirth Vaginal transmission To the children , Lead to Pneumonia Or serious Eye infection .

50% More than of the babies were infected with Chlamydia trachomatis ( Serotype D-K) Born to women . The most common manifestation is neonatal inclusion body conjunctivitis . If not treated , Infection can lead to Permanent scar of cornea or conjunctiva .

• Reactive arthritis ：

People with Chlamydia trachomatis have a higher risk of reactive arthritis

Infected secretions from the genitals to the hands , Eventually to the eyes will lead to trachoma .

• trachoma ：

Chlamydia trachomatis 、 Serotype A、B、Ba and C It can lead to Chronic corneal conjunctivitis , It usually leads to blindness .

Trachoma is through Personal contact spread Of , for example , adopt droplet From eye to eye , adopt Hand contact And spread to the contaminated surface of the eyes , Or through The fly .

because Continuously or repeatedly Years of infection , Inflammation is anti inflammation Should be And the accompanying scars lead to Permanent corneal opacity and eye Eyelid deformation .

• Adult inclusion conjunctivitis ：

Trachoma serotype can occur in individuals of any age D-K Temporary suppurative conjunctivitis caused by . These people may also be infected with genitals .

*  Treatment

Antibiotic treatment . in the majority of cases , The infection will subside in a week or two , Don't have sex during . Partners also need to check .

*  The prevention of

• Try to avoid in 25 Sexual activity before the age of
• Avoid having a sexual partner
• Use condoms
• Regular inspection

Interaction between Chlamydia trachomatis and flora

In the case of Chlamydia trachomatis infection , Both vaginal and anal environments have a certain degree of ecological imbalance .

Chlamydia trachomatis , Notorious for its ability to cause infertility in women . Although part of the pathogenesis of Chlamydia trachomatis infection is unclear , But the underlying factors are related to the microbiota .

The vaginal microbiota of Chlamydia trachomatis infection may be dysregulated ：

Lactic acid plays an important role in anti chlamydia

health The vaginal microbiota of Lactobacillus Mainly , These bacteria pass through Produce antibacterial compounds and Provide mechanical barriers To protect the host from the invasion of bacteria such as Chlamydia trachomatis . Lactic acid can regulate host epithelial function , The microbiota plays an important role in the anti Chlamydia vaginalis .

Lactic acid has two allosteric extracts or isomers ：L The type and D type .D- Lactic acid has a protective effect on the vagina .

Not all Lactobacillus dominated vaginal flora are healthy

among , Inert Lactobacillus L. iners Hardly produce D- Lactic acid , With L. iners The predominant vaginal microbiota is associated with Chlamydia trachomatis infection Increased susceptibility of .

Chlamydia trachomatis invades while the vaginal flora is disordered

The microbiome interacts closely with the host . Not only is Host immune system It is essential to resist external threats , The barrier function of microbiome It's also crucial . An important risk factor for pathogen infection is vaginal microbiome The barrier function is weakened , Like flora imbalance When Bacterial vaginosis .

In the flora of patients with bacterial vaginosis , Increased microbiota diversity , And pH Higher values lead to more neutral pH Environmental Science . Women with bacterial vaginosis are more likely to be infected with Chlamydia trachomatis . Chlamydia trachomatis may Use a failed defense system to invade .

Molenaar MC,et al.,J Reprod Immunol. 2018

Chlamydia trachomatis bypasses the barrier , Infecting human cells , The immune system produces IL-12 To cope with

Chlamydia trachomatis Very cunning , adopt Bypass Established as Lactobacillus barrier , Sure Infecting human cells . After identifying Chlamydia trachomatis infection , immune system Meeting produce added IL-12, And other inflammatory cytokines . This IL-12 What use can it be ？

IL-12 Induction IDO1 The birth of

IL-12 It's a kind of Inflammatory cytokines , Can stimulate γ interferon （IFN-γ） The birth of . This is from Macrophages produce Of , Stimulate inflammation , and Induction Indoleamine -2,3- Dioxygenase 1（IDO1）.

IDO1 adopt “ Grain loss ” Inhibit Chlamydia trachomatis

As we know before , The growth of Chlamydia trachomatis depends on tryptophan , And this IDO1 Well , It is through Limit Tryptophan , Come on Inhibit Chlamydia trachomatis The growth of .

If Chlamydia trachomatis is killed by the immune system , So it's easy , But in fact , Prevotella also produces tryptophan .

Another of Chlamydia trachomatis “ reinforcements ”—— Prevotella

However , Tryptophan has another source , Prevotella Prevotella. Prevotella has been described in detail in our previous articles ： Important cornerstone bacteria of the intestine —— Prevotella Prevotella

Prevotella If it accounts for The dominant , So often with Bacterial vaginosis of .

Studies have shown that , When Tryptophan Other sources of Lower or depleted when , Tryptophan produced by Prevotella Can be used by Chlamydia to survive .

Overall speaking , The composition of vaginal flora plays an important role in the infection of Chlamydia trachomatis . Besides , The immune response of Chlamydia trachomatis infection is also related to the disorder of vaginal flora .

TNF-α It plays a role in the innate immune response to Chlamydia trachomatis infection

An important factor to consider in the interaction between host and microorganism is Polymorphisms in immune genes , Because these may Affect the immune response .

for example ,TNF-α gene （TNFA-208G > A） The polymorphism of can Affect the amount of expression , thus influence Host's Inflammation . This mainly occurs in the case of flora disorder ,Nugent score >7（Nugent It is an indicator of vaginal microecology ）, May cause premature birth . This is related to Chlamydia trachomatis dye of , because TNF-α stay Chlamydia trachomatis Infected Innate immune response Play a role in .

Vaginal microbiota is the first line of defense of female reproductive tract . Chlamydia trachomatis can thrive in microbiota with less lactic acid bacteria . therefore , Regulating the balance of vaginal flora is an effective way to prevent Chlamydia trachomatis .

Factors affecting vaginal flora

There are many reasons for the change of vaginal flora , It may be related to the decline of self immunity 、 Menstruation is unclean 、 Frequent sexual intercourse 、 Repeated vaginal lavage and other factors .

*  Hygiene habits ： Excessive cleaning may cause bacterial vaginosis

Extensive cleaning and flushing of the vagina has a great impact on the microbiota , And may cause bacterial vaginosis in women whose flora has changed .

*  Hormonal changes ： Beneficial bacteria are reduced

During menstruation 、 During pregnancy or lactation , Decreased estrogen levels or other hormonal imbalances can Reduce beneficial bacteria in the vagina , Make people vulnerable to infection .

*  Oral contraceptives ： Affect microbiome and inflammatory cytokines

Relationship between sex hormones, estrogen and vaginal microbiota Good for glycogen The birth of , thus Beneficial to Lactobacillus . Because these hormones can Affect Lactobacillus , So it will Affect other bacteria .

Use during Chlamydia trachomatis infection COCP（ Compound oral contraceptives ） when , Inflammatory cytokines increased significantly . obviously ,COCP The hormones in the will Affect microbiome and inflammatory cytokines . The researchers believe that , This may be due to Different hormone combinations Different regulation of inflammation . Another explanation might be , Hormones used for hormonal contraception It's synthetic , Not naturally occurring hormones , therefore May trigger a reaction .

*  Antibiotic ： Dysbacteriosis

Antibiotics may Inhibit Lactobacillus The growth of , In the process , Other pathogenic bacteria may gradually become dominant bacteria , Vaginal flora is gradually maladjusted .

*  aged ： Estrogen reduction , The flora may be out of balance

Low ovarian function 、 Old people, etc The decline in estrogen levels , Intravaginal Lactobacillus Number Reduce , May cause changes in vaginal flora .

*  Improper diet ： Avoid high sugar 、 High oil food

Long term high sugar 、 High oil 、 Low dietary fiber and other food intake , Especially female friends who love sweets , May change the normal environment in the vagina , Thus causing flora imbalance .

There are more and more studies on the vaginal microbiota of women infected with Chlamydia trachomatis , However, there is still little information about the composition of intestinal microbiota , The changes of intestinal flora after Chlamydia trachomatis infection are as follows ：

Although the reasons behind these changes in flora are unclear , It is speculated that it may be related to the following reasons ：

（i） Chlamydia can Cause inflammation （ That is to recruit natural killer cells and neutrophils by producing cytokines and metalloproteinases ）, As some species decrease or increase , Break the original balance of intestinal microbiota ;

（ii） Oxygen consumption of Chlamydia trachomatis infected cells or recruited leukocytes It is conducive to the proliferation of strict anaerobic bacteria ;

（iii） Chlamydia can be based on its nutritional needs Modify specific metabolic pathways , Cause... In the intestinal microbiota Preferential proliferation of specific flora .

Interestingly , The microbiota of the gut and vagina share many common bacterial groups , It reflects the microorganism between the two parts “ share ”.

There are advantages and disadvantages to this situation ：

• One side , Lactic acid bacteria in the rectum may help maintain “ normal ” Vaginal flora .
• On the other hand , Anorectal area may be potentially harmful bacteria （ Such as Candida 、 Enterobacter ） The source of the , Can easily reach and infect the vaginal mucosa .

3.  Chlamydia pneumoniae  Chlamydia pneumoniae

gram-negative , Obligate intracellular bacteria . It is a respiratory pathogen that causes pharyngitis , The initial colonization site is Oral and nasal mucosa . Once it settled in lungs , It's passed by monocytes blood circulation Distributed to other parts of the body .

*  symptoms

Chlamydia pneumoniae infection is a mild disease , The most common cause of upper respiratory tract infection . Common symptoms include ：

• A runny or stuffy nose , fatigue , A low grade fever , Hoarseness or loss of voice , Sore throat , Have a headache , The cough gradually worsened , It may last for weeks or months
• Chlamydia pneumoniae can also cause lower respiratory tract infections （ Like bronchitis ） And lung infections （ Like pneumonia ）. Patients with pneumonia caused by Chlamydia pneumoniae are more likely to suffer from laryngitis .
• Chronic Chlamydia pneumoniae infection may lead to chronic diseases , For example, asthma , Arthritis and atherosclerosis

*  The way of transmission

Chlamydia pneumoniae is mainly Respiratory droplets 、 Mother to child transmission and sexual contact And so on .

*  Treatment

Most people can recover without drugs . Antibiotics can also be used to treat .

*  Susceptible people

People of all ages can be infected with , People with weak immunity are more likely to be infected .8 Children and young people over the age of are also vulnerable to infection . Besides , People living in groups are prone to outbreaks , for example ： School 、 dormitory 、 barracks 、 Sanatorium 、 The hospital 、 Prison, etc .

*  The prevention of

• Keep good hygiene habits
• When coughing or sneezing , Cover your mouth and nose with a paper towel
• Put the used paper towels in the wastebasket
• Wash your hands carefully , Wash your hands at least 20 Second
• If there is no soap , Hand sanitizer and water , Please disinfect with alcohol

05

check measuring

Specimen collection

For Chlamydia infection 、 Urethra 、 Vaginal cervical specimens are best scraped Mucous membrane .

Besides , According to the site of infection , Can collect blood 、 Respiratory secretions 、 Sputum 、 Lungs, etc organization .

stay LGV（ Venereal lymphogranuloma ） Under the circumstances , Lymph nodes should be collected Pus .

test method

The detection methods of Chlamydia include the following categories . The detection method in the detection report of cereal intestinal flora is 16S rRNA Amplification sequencing .

—— Optical microscope （ Low specificity and sensitivity ）：

Conjunctiva 、 Urethra 、 Diagnosis of cervical Chlamydia trachomatis infection , It can be done by Giemsa dyeing 、Macchiavello dyeing 、Castaneda dyeing Other methods , Typical nephroid inclusions are shown around the nucleus .

Because the inclusion body has glycogen matrix , therefore , They can also be dyed with iodine solution .

The method Low specificity and sensitivity .

—— Immunofluorescence （ Fast ）：

Species or genus specific antigen Fluorescent labeled antibody ( Usually monoclonal antibodies ) To dye .

The sensitivity of this method is 90%, The specificity is 95%.

The method is fast . stay In an hour You can get the result .

——ELISA Detection of Chlamydia antigen ：

It can detect antibodies captured by antibodies attached to solid surfaces such as plastic bodies or micro titration holes Soluble genus specific antigen .

The detection is based on Enzyme labeling detection system and Chromogenic substrate .

ELISA The sensitivity and specificity of the method were similar to that of immunofluorescence be similar .

——DNA probe ：

DNA Hybridization can be used to directly detect Chlamydia trachomatis in conjunctival and cervical smears .

—— Chemiluminescence determination ：

Chain labeled with acridine ester DNA probe , Contact Chlamydia trachomatis as needed RNA Or others RNA Specific complementarity .

DNA-RNA Hybrids are detected in a photometer , The photometer measures acridine ester The light emitted by the mark .

The sensitivity and specificity were 95%.

—— Polymerase chain reaction （PCR）：

omp1 Genes and 16s rRNA Genes can pass through PCR Amplification and detection .

Test these DNA The specificity is as high as 95%, It can be used to identify species levels and strains .

—— Humoral bacterial culture ：

This method is better than detecting bacteria DNA Or surface antigen testing requires Longer time .

06

cure Therapy

After Chlamydia infection , General with Antibiotic Treatment oriented .

• The common antibiotics used in adults may usually be doxycycline and azithromycin , The baby uses erythromycin

*  Chlamydia was detected in the intestinal flora , Do you need treatment ？

First, see if you have any related symptoms , If it's completely asymptomatic, don't worry too much , It can be tested again after a period of time ; If several tests exceed the standard, attention should be paid to ; if There have been related symptoms , For example, women have abnormal vaginal secretions , Burning sensation of urination, etc , You need to go to The hospital See a doctor .

*  Can Chlamydia heal itself ？

chlamydia It's unlikely to disappear on its own . Although the symptoms may Temporary relief , But without treatment , The infection may be in the body Persistent existence （ Subclinical infection ）.

therefore , If Chlamydia infection is diagnosed , Timely treatment is important .

*  If not treated , What's going to happen ？

chlamydia Initial infection They are often Ignore . It can lead to serious health problems later , Such as Infertility etc. .

Female friends pay attention , Chlamydia may infect the uterus and fallopian tubes , May lead to pelvic infection .

pelvic infection Usually no symptoms , part women There may be Abdominal pain and pelvic pain . Even if it doesn't cause symptoms at first , Pelvic inflammatory disease can also cause... Damage to the reproductive system Permanent damage . Pelvic inflammation can lead to long-term pelvic pain 、 Can't get pregnant , And potentially fatal Ectopic pregnancy （ That is, ectopic pregnancy ）.

relatively speaking , men Less questions . Chlamydia infection sometimes spreads to the vas deferens, which carries sperm from the testicles , cause Pain and fever . Chlamydia is unlikely to prevent men from giving birth .

After Chlamydia infection , Other problems that may arise , for example ： Fitz - Cease - Curtis syndrome （ Inflammation of the liver and surrounding tissues ）, Reactive arthritis （ Joint inflammation ） And so on .

Besides , Untreated Chlamydia infections can also increase One person infected HIV Of risk .

But the good news is , Chlamydia can pass through Correct treatment cures . Take medicine according to the doctor's advice , Take it on time . If taken properly , Will stop the infection , And maybe Reduce In the future complications Probability .

*  If you've been infected with Chlamydia , Will it not be infected again ？

No . Repeated infection with Chlamydia is common . It should be about... After the initial infection 3 Months Conduct Retest . If it's yours Sexual partner infection 了 , that ta Even after treatment , You should also be around Tested again after three months （ Especially women ）.

*  If you're pregnant , Whether Chlamydia infection affects the baby ？

If you are pregnant and have chlamydia infection , It is possible to transmit the infection to the baby during delivery . This could lead to Premature birth （ Pregnancy 37 Delivery weeks ago ）, The newborn Eye infection （ Neonatal conjunctivitis , Red eyes, etc ）, Neonatal pneumonia , etc. .

Chlamydia should be tested at the first prenatal examination , If there is Chlamydia infection, carry out relevant treatment .

Overall speaking , There are many factors in the vaginal microbiome 、 Intestinal microbiome 、 It plays a role in the interaction between the host immune system and chlamydia . This is a complex relationship , Many aspects remain to be discovered . Decipher the host - The complexity of microbiota interactions at the cellular and molecular levels , It will help to better understand the mechanism by which the microbiota regulates the risk of Chlamydia infection .

Main references ：

Molenaar MC, Singer M, Ouburg S. The two-sided role of the vaginal microbiome in Chlamydia trachomatis and Mycoplasma genitalium pathogenesis. J Reprod Immunol. 2018 Nov;130:11-17. doi: 10.1016/j.jri.2018.08.006. Epub 2018 Aug 22. PMID: 30149363.

Mott PD, Taylor CM, Lillis RA, et al. Differences in the Genital Microbiota in Women Who Naturally Clear Chlamydia trachomatis Infection Compared to Women Who Do Not Clear; A Pilot Study. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2021;11:615770. Published 2021 Apr 12. doi:10.3389/fcimb.2021.615770

Ziklo N, Huston WM, Hocking JS, Timms P. Chlamydia trachomatis Genital Tract Infections: When Host Immune Response and the Microbiome Collide. Trends Microbiol. 2016 Sep;24(9):750-765. doi: 10.1016/j.tim.2016.05.007. Epub 2016 Jun 16. PMID: 27320172.

Ceccarani C, Marangoni A, Severgnini M, et al. Rectal Microbiota Associated With Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae Infections in Men Having Sex With Other Men. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2019;9:358. Published 2019 Oct 18. doi:10.3389/fcimb.2019.00358

Tamarelle J, Thiébaut ACM, de Barbeyrac B, Bébéar C, Ravel J, Delarocque-Astagneau E. The vaginal microbiota and its association with human papillomavirus, Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Mycoplasma genitalium infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2019;25(1):35-47. doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2018.04.019

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