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Basic knowledge of switches

2022-08-10 13:07:00 angry curly hair

First, make a comparative understanding of switching and routing:

Routing technology deals with communication between different network segments

Switching technology deals with communications within the same network segment

A router is a Layer 3 network device;

交换机,网桥是二层设备; (注:也有三层交换机

Routers forward based on routing tables;

交换机基于MAC地址表转发;

The basic working principle of the switch

1:Switch enablement process

RAM:随机存储(当前配置文件)   

ROM:只读存储(自检程序)  

NVRAM:非易失性存储(保存配置)  

Flash:闪存(操作系统)交换机 : 二层基于MACAddress forwarding device,依靠MAC地址表进行数据的转发.

2:MAC地址表: 3元素组成,VLAN ID  、MAC地址、端口编号

3:路由器、交换机、网桥、集线器的区别

4:交换机的分类:二层交换机  和   多层交换机

5:How Layer 2 switches work: 1.存储转发   2.forward through  3.无分片转发  

6:交换机的基本功能:

(2)基于源MAC地址学习  

(2)基于目标MAC地址转发  

(3)数据过滤  

(4)防止环路  (stp生成树协议)

7:Multicast data frameMac地址固定:01-00-5E  前25位固定,第25位为0

8:MACAddress learning has a time-to-live:If a device has messages within the time-to-live,macAddress table update time;

ARP协议

ARP协议:
产生原因:Know another device on the local area networkIP不知MAC地址,Therefore, the encapsulation is sent forwardARP包请求MAC地址,The other party responds with an answerARP回复MAC地址.

封装:Two-tier package.

发送方式:洪泛(Similar to a router's broadcast).

正向ARP(通过对方的IPaddress requesting counterpartyMAC地址)

反向ARP(通过MACThe address of the requesting partyIP地址,Rarely)

无故ARP 免费ARP (目标IP是自己,MCA是全F,请求自己MAC,此种ARPWhether the role query is the sameIP);

Flooded data frames are required during data forwarding:

1.全F的数据帧.

2. 01-00-5Emulticast data frame.

3.Unknown single wave(MACNot found in the address table)

交换机的作用:


1.提供端口密度--集线器HUB
2.实现二层单播——基于MAC地址转发
3.彻底解决冲突
4.延长传输距离
工作再数据链路层避免了电流与电流相遇的问题
 

VLAN(虚拟局域网)技术:

一个VLAN=一个广播域=an independent network segment

VLAN1位默认VLAN,All interfaces are here by defaultVLAN

VLAN使用VLAN ID进行标识

VLAN ID 范围1—4094(0——4095 0和4095被保留)

 802.1Q封装:也称为dot1Q, 对流量进行VLAN 标记的.

PVID : 端口VLAN 标识符  ,默认所有的接口PVID 为 VLAN 1  ;

接口类型: Access  trunk  hybrid (混杂接口) 802.1Qtunnel

链路类型:access  trunk   

Access  : 连接终端(PC  router  Firewall  服务器  

Trunk  : 中继接口,传递标签 标记  tag   .

There are two lists for all Huawei interfaces: tagged-list(Hit the tag list )   untagged-list(Remove tag list)

Access 接口: 访问接口  接入接口

vlan的配置思路


1.交换机上创建vlan
2.接口划入vlan
3.trunk干道
4.vlan间路由——子接口 svi
路由器接口配置
子接口:
dot1q termination vid 2
允许vlan2再此接口
arp broadcast enable
开启接口的广播应答
 

vlan中的配置命令

创建VLAN :

查看:

 

设置接口类型为access 并指定PVID :

 

查看MAC地址表:

 

默认MACThe aging time of the address is 300s,All items can be modified in HuaweiMACThe aging time of the address entry:

 

查看MAC地址表的老化时间:

 

静态MAC地址条目:

 

查看:

 

Initialize all configuration of the interface: (The interface is closed by default after initialization,需要手工开启)

 

Trunk : 中继协议,干道协议,使用一条物理链路传递多VLAN 的流量;

注:Huawei must be theretrunk内允许vlan通过

Trunk 入方向 :

Trunk 出方向:

Trunk配置:

 

修改trunk接口的PVID :

 

Hybrid: 混杂接口,华为交换机默认模式  (access+trunk),Packets passing on the link can be tagged or unlabeled,At the same time, you can customize the tag list and remove tag list

hybridThe interface configuration of the connected host: (Outgoing messages cannot have labels)

 

hybridThe interface to which the switch is connected: (The outgoing must have a label)

 

View the list of interface tags and remove tags:

 

MUX VLAN :  Equivalent to Cisco's privateVLAN (PVLAN )定义主从VLAN

从VLAN 分为:组VLAN 和 隔离VLAN

规则: 主VLAN Can and all fromVLAN 通信,从VLAN cannot communicate between them,组VLAN 之内可以通信 ,隔离VLAN cannot communicate within.

1.创建所有的VLAN(主从)

 

2.在主VLAN当中开启MUX-VLAN 功能,At the same time, it associates all its slavesVLAN (and formulate fromVLAN 的 类型)

 

3.接口划入VLAN 之内:

 

查看:

         

Set up port isolation for some interfaces:Enable port isolation in global mode:

 

The interface enables port isolation and specifies the samegroup ID (仅仅group ID interfaces are isolated from each other;Equivalent to dividing all interfaces into the same isolationVLAN )

 

查看:

 

Super VLAN : 超级VLAN ,super VLAN all children withinVLAN 配置相同网段的IP地址(可以节约IP地址),不同子VLAN 之间不能通信,Which interface does not exist does not existsuper VLAN 中 ;若子VLAN 之间要通信,必须在super VLAN enabled on the Layer 3 interfaceARP代理功能:

 

开启:

 

VLAN mapping : VLAN 映射  ,during the transfer of dataVLAN Change of mark,Generally used in metropolitan area network.

 

在ISPThe switch is configured on the switch connecting the client:

1.定义为trunk链路

2.启用QINQ 的VLAN 转换能力

3.定义VLAN 的映射列表

4.定义VLAN 的允许列表

 

查看:

 

QINQ技术:Double or multilayerVLAN marked to cross the second floorISP技术.

接口配置802.1Q 隧道技术:

1.接口封装为802.1Q的隧道模式

2.端口的PVID 为 500(All data frames received by the interface are incremented802.1Q的新标记)

 

查看:

 

802.1Q隧道技术 堆叠VLAN 做法:

1.接口必须为hybrid接口

2.启用QINQ VLAN 映射功能

3.for differentVLAN 的 Define different stacksVLAN

4.Add the corresponding one to the list of removal labels of the interfaceVLAN ID

 

查看:

          

 

VLAN 之间的通信:

1.使用VLAN 单臂路由

2.使用SVI接口(VLAN-if)

SVI----交换虚拟接口,on the switch同的VLAN interface that can be set(此接口为3层接口)功能:

  1. act as a counterpartVLAN gateway within ,为同VLAN communication between them is possible

2.It is convenient for users to carry out remote control(telnet ssh)

SVI 存在条件:   

1.The switch exists to belong toSVI接口对应VLAN ID active interface

2.Trunk 链路,SVI对应VLAN id 存在于trunk链路的VLAN allowed list

3.针对三层交换机,可以创建多个SVI --多个SVI可以同时工作,But for Layer 2 switches,启用多个SVI时,只有最后一个SVI 是up的

 

查看:

 

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