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RPM包管理
2022-04-23 18:41:00 【师莹】
RPM包概述
什么是rpm包
由红帽开发的软件、升级、安装、卸载、查询工具
为什么要使用rpm
就像在windows系统中一样，如果你想要安装一个QQ，安装一个微信，安装一款游戏，首先要去该软件的官网上去下载相关的软件包，通常都是.exe的安装包。还有那种绿色软件包，一下载下来，解压开就能使用无需安装。
那么Linux中也有很多种类的安装包，我们在Linux上也需要安装软件，软件包的种类也有很多，但是最方便，最简单，最简易，速度最快的，也就是rpm包了。
rpm包命名规则
## tree-1.6.0-10.el7.x86_64.rpm
tree：软件名称
1.6.0：版本号
10：该版本的发布次数
el7：适用系统版本（RedHat7，CentOS7）向下兼容
x86_64：系统平台64 x86:32位 i386
rpm：包后缀名
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Linux中软件的安装方式
rpm安装：已经编译好的源码包，下载下来后，直接使用rpm命令安装即可 版本会低于官方版本
源码安装：先编译，将源代码翻译成系统认识的软件，再安装 步骤复杂繁琐
二进制安装：绿色软件（免安装） 不是所有程序都有二进制包
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RPM包获取途径
- 系统光盘镜像/CentOS官网: TP
1.检查光盘是否放入光驱
挂载 mount 卸载umount语法
# 挂载语法
mount 源设备文件 目标路径
[r[email protected] ~]# mount /dev/cdrom /mnt
mount: /dev/sr0 is write-protected, mounting read-only
# 查看磁盘信息
df -h查看磁盘分区情况，磁盘使用情况，也能查看到挂载设备及目录
[[email protected] ~]# df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
devtmpfs 980M 0 980M 0% /dev
tmpfs 991M 0 991M 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs 991M 9.6M 981M 1% /run
tmpfs 991M 0 991M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda3 18G 1.6G 16G 10% /
/dev/sda1 497M 125M 373M 25% /boot
tmpfs 199M 0 199M 0% /run/user/0
/dev/sr0 4.4G 4.4G 0 100% /mnt
# 卸载语法
umount 目标路径
umount /mnt
[[email protected] ~]# umount /mnt
## 挂载报错[[email protected] yjc ~ ] # mount /dev/cdrom /mnt
mount: no medium found on /dev/sr0
原因：设备文件是空的，里面没有任何内容，光驱没有连接
## 卸载报错
[[email protected] mnt]# umount /mnt
umount: /mnt: target is busy.
(In some cases useful info about processes that use the device is found by lsof(8) or fuser(1))
[[email protected] mnt]# cd
[[email protected] ~]# umount /mnt
原因：设备繁忙
## 查看挂载结果
[[email protected] ~]# ll /mnt
total 696
-rw-r--r--. 3 root root 14 Oct 30 2020 CentOS_BuildTag
drwxr-xr-x. 3 root root 2048 Oct 27 2020 EFI
-rw-rw-r--. 21 root root 227 Aug 30 2017 EULA
-rw-rw-r--. 21 root root 18009 Dec 10 2015 GPL
drwxr-xr-x. 3 root root 2048 Oct 27 2020 images
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 2048 Nov 3 2020 isolinux
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 2048 Oct 27 2020 LiveOS
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 673792 Nov 4 2020 Packages
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Nov 4 2020 repodata
-rw-rw-r--. 21 root root 1690 Dec 10 2015 RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7
-rw-rw-r--. 21 root root 1690 Dec 10 2015 RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-Testing-7
-r--r--r--. 1 root root 2883 Nov 4 2020 TRANS.TBL
如果卸载了zip文件
[[email protected] ~]# yum remove zip -y
切换到/mnt/Packages/目录下
[[email protected] ~]# /mnt/Packages/
[[email protected] ~]# cd /mnt/Packages/
rpm包安装
[[email protected] Packages]# rpm -ivh zip-3.0-11.el7.x86_64.rpm
/mnt/Packages里面有很多rpm包
[[email protected] Packages]# ls -l |wc -l
4072
[[email protected] Packages]# ll /mnt/Packages/tree-1.6.0-10.el7.x86_64.rpm
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rpm 命令使用-安装
# 语法：
rpm [选项] rpm包名
rpm包名：
-本地包名：在系统中某个目录下的rpm包
-远程包名：不用下载，直接使用网站上的rpm包
# 选项：
-i：install安装
-v：显示安装的过程
-h：显示安装的进度条
--test：仅测试，不安装
--force：强制安装
--nodeps：忽略依赖关系
举例：
# 本地包名 -i rpm指定路径可以安装
[[email protected] Packages]# yum remove tree -y
[[email protected] Packages]# cd
[[email protected] ~]# rpm -i /mnt/Packages/tree-1.6.0-10.el7.x86_64.rpm
[[email protected] ~]# echo $?
0
[[email protected] ~]# tree
.
├── 111
├── 123tar.gz
├── 1.txt
├── 2.txt
├── 3.txt
└── tmp
## -v
[[email protected] ~]# rpm -iv /mnt/Packages/tree-1.6.0-10.el7.x86_64.rpm
Preparing packages...
tree-1.6.0-10.el7.x86_64
## -h
[[email protected] ~]# rpm -ivh /mnt/Packages/tree-1.6.0-10.el7.x86_64.rpm
Preparing... ################################# [100%]
Updating / installing...
1:tree-1.6.0-10.el7 ################################# [100%]
## --test 只是测试
[[email protected] ~]# cd /mnt/Packages/
[[email protected] Packages]# rpm -ivh --test tree-1.6.0-10.el7.x86_64.rpm
Preparing... ################################# [100%]
package tree-1.6.0-10.el7.x86_64 is already installed
## --force --nodeps配合使用 强制执行安装 忽略依赖关系的有bug
如果zip卸载 可以远程aliyun镜像站找包名 复制网址安装
[[email protected] ~]# rpm -ivh https://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/7.9.2009/os/x86_64/Packages/zip-3.0-11.el7.x86
## 注意：rpm命令管理rpm包的缺点，无法解决依赖关系https://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/7.9.2009/os/x86_64/Packages/zip-3.0-11.el7.x86
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- RPM包查询官方网站: tp
- 其他软件官方网站
rpm命令使用-查询
# 语法
rpm [选项] rpm包名
# 选项
-q：查看指定的安装包是否安装 query查询
---以下选项皆要配合-q使用---
-a：全部安装过的包 all
-i：详细信息 infor
-l：列出rpm包相关的配置文件和目录
-c：只查看该软件包相关的配置文件
-d：只查看该软件的帮助文档文件
-f：反向查找，根据配置文件，目录，帮助文档，查找该文件属于哪个包
--scripts：查看安装包，安装之前之后，和卸载之前之后要执行的脚本
-----和上面选项配合使用
-p:查询未安装包
-qip：查看没有安装包的详细信息（指定一个已存在的完整包名或者远程包名）
-qlp：查看没有安装包会生成那些文件（指定一个已存在的完整包名或者远程包名）
-qcp：查看没有安装包会生成哪些配置文件（指定一个已存在的完整包名或者远程包名）
-qdp：查看没有安装包会生成哪些帮助文件（指定一个已存在的完整包名或者远程包名
##举例：
## -q
[[email protected] Packages]# rpm -q tree
tree-1.6.0-10.el7.x86_64
[[email protected] Packages]# rpm -q vim-common
vim-common-7.4.629-8.el7_9.x86_64
## -q -a 查看含有net安装过的包
[[email protected] Packages]# rpm -q net
package net is not installed
[[email protected] Packages]# rpm -qa |grep 'net'
libnfnetlink-1.0.1-4.el7.x86_64
libnetfilter_conntrack-1.0.6-1.el7_3.x86_64
dracut-network-033-572.el7.x86_64
后面不加包名 查看所有的
[[email protected] Packages]# rpm -qa
## -i 后面要接完整的包名
[[email protected] Packages]# rpm -qi net-tools
[[email protected] Packages]# rpm -qa |grep 'net'|xargs rpm qi
[[email protected] Packages]# rpm -qi `rpm -qa | grep 'net'`
[[email protected] Packages]# rpm -qi $(rpm -qa | grep 'net')
## -l
[[email protected] Packages]# rpm -ql zip
/usr/bin/zip
/usr/bin/zipcloak
/usr/bin/zipnote
[[email protected] Packages]# rpm -ql tree
/usr/bin/tree
/usr/share/doc/tree-1.6.0
## -c 客户端配置文件
[[email protected] Packages]# rpm -qc mariadb
/etc/my.cnf.d/client.cnf
服务端配置文件
[[email protected] Packages]# rpm -qc mariadb-server
/etc/logrotate.d/mariadb
/etc/my.cnf.d/server.cnf
/var/log/mariadb/mariadb.log
## -d 只查看帮助
[[email protected] Packages]# rpm -qd zip
/usr/share/doc/zip-3.0/CHANGES
/usr/share/doc/zip-3.0/LICENSE
/usr/share/doc/zip-3.0/README
/usr/share/doc/zip-3.0/README.CR
## -f 反向查找是哪个包
[[email protected] Packages]# rpm -qf /etc/passwd
setup-2.8.71-11.el7.noarch
[[email protected] Packages]# rpm -qf /etc/hostname
systemd-219-78.el7.x86_64
[[email protected] Packages]# rpm -ql setup
/etc/aliases
/etc/bashrc
/etc/csh.cshrc
/etc/csh.login
# 查找属于哪个包
[[email protected] Packages]# rpm -qf /etc/hostname
systemd-219-78.el7.x86_64
# 包里有哪些配置文件和目录
[[email protected] ~]# rpm -ql systemd
# 过滤含有bin的文件
[[email protected] ~]# rpm -ql systemd |grep 'bin'
rpm -ql $(rpm -qf /etc/hostname)
[[email protected] Packages]# ll /etc/hostname
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 22 Mar 14 22:34 /etc/hostname
[[email protected] Packages]# cat /etc/hostname
localhost.localdomain
更改用户名
[[email protected] Packages]# hostnamectl set-hostname shiying
[[email protected] ~]# cat /etc/hostname
shiying
## --scripts
[[email protected] ~]# rpm -q --scripts mariadb-server
## -p qip查看未安装nginx详细信息
[[email protected] ~]# rpm -qip https://mirrors.aliyun.com/epel/7/x86_64/Packages/n/nginx-1.20.1-9.el7.x86_64.rpm
warning: https://mirrors.aliyun.com/epel/7/x86_64/Packages/n/nginx-1.20.1-9.el7.x86_64.rpm: Header V4 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID 352c64e5: NOKEY
Name : nginx
Epoch : 1
Version : 1.20.1
Release : 9.el7
Architecture: x86_64
#-qlp查看要装哪些包
[[email protected] ~]# rpm -qlp https://mirrors.aliyun.com/epel/7/x86_64/Packages/n/nginx-1.20.1-9.el7.x86_64.rpm
warning: https://mirrors.aliyun.com/epel/7/x86_64/Packages/n/nginx-1.20.1-9.el7.x86_64.rpm: Header V4 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID 352c64e5: NOKEY
/etc/logrotate.d/nginx
/etc/nginx/fastcgi.conf
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rpm命令使用-升级
选项：
-U：update升级，如果老版本不存在，则安装，如果老版本存在则升级
-f：必须有老版本存在才可以升级
##-U
[[email protected] Packages]# rpm -qip tree-1.6.0-10.el7.x86_64.rpm
Name : tree
Version : 1.6.0
Release : 10.el7
Architecture: x86_64
Install Date: (not installed)
Group : Applications/File
Size : 89505
[[email protected] Packages]# rpm -Uvh tree-1.6.0-10.el7.x86_64.rpm
Preparing... ################################# [100%]
Updating / installing...
1:tree-1.6.0-10.el7 ################################# [100%]
## 下载nginx包
[[email protected] ]# wget http://nginx.org/packages/centos/7/x86_64/RPMS/nginx-1.10.0-1.el7.ngx.x86_64.rpm
[[email protected] ]# wget http://nginx.org/packages/centos/7/x86_64/RPMS/nginx-1.12.0-1.el7.ngx.x86_64.rpm
## 升级安装nginx的包
[[email protected] ~]# rpm -Uvh nginx-1.10.0-1.el7.ngx.x86_64.rpm
warning: nginx-1.10.0-1.el7.ngx.x86_64.rpm: Header V4 RSA/SHA1 Signature, key ID 7bd9bf62: NOKEY
Preparing... ################################# [100%]
Updating / installing...
1:nginx-1:1.10.0-1.el7.ngx ################################# [100%]
------------------------------------------------------
## 查询当前系统中安装nginx的包（1.10版本
[[email protected] ~]# rpm -qa |grep nginx
nginx-1.10.0-1.el7.ngx.x86_64
## 使用ivh安装nginx 1.12版本的包
[[email protected] ~]# rpm -ivh nginx-1.12.0-1.el7.ngx.x86_64.rpm
warning: nginx-1.12.0-1.el7.ngx.x86_64.rpm: Header V4 RSA/SHA1 Signature, key ID 7bd9bf62: NOKEY
Preparing... ################################# [100%]
file /etc/logrotate.d/nginx from install of nginx-1:1.12.0-1.el7.ngx.x86_64 conflicts with file from package nginx-1:1.10.0-1.el7.ngx.x86_64
file /usr/sbin/nginx from install of nginx-1:1.12.0-1.el7.ngx.x86_64 conflicts with file from package nginx-1:1.10.0-1.el7.ngx.x86_64
file /usr/sbin/nginx-debug from install of nginx-1:1.12.0-1.el7.ngx.x86_64 conflicts with file from package nginx-1:1.10.0-1.el7.ngx.x86_64
file /usr/lib/systemd/system/nginx.service from install of nginx-1:1.12.0-1.el7.ngx.x86_64 conflicts with file from package nginx-1:1.10.0-1.el7.ngx.x86_64
file /usr/libexec/initscripts/legacy-actions/nginx/upgrade from install of nginx-1:1.12.0-1.el7.ngx.x86_64 conflicts with file from package nginx-1:1.10.0-1.el7.ngx.x86_64
# 以上报错：因为系统中已存在1.10版本的nginx所以无法使用ivh安装
## -Uvh升级 旧版本卸载
[[email protected] ~]# rpm -Uvh nginx-1.12.0-1.el7.ngx.x86_64.rpm
warning: nginx-1.12.0-1.el7.ngx.x86_64.rpm: Header V4 RSA/SHA1 Signature, key ID 7bd9bf62: NOKEY
Preparing... ################################# [100%]
Updating / installing...
1:nginx-1:1.12.0-1.el7.ngx ################################# [ 50%]
Cleaning up / removing...
2:nginx-1:1.10.0-1.el7.ngx ################################# [100%]
[[email protected] ~]# rpm -qa nginx
nginx-1.12.0-1.el7.ngx.x86_64
## -f老版本存在才可以升级
[[email protected] ~]# rpm -fvh nginx-1.12.0-1.el7.ngx.x86_64.rpm
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rpm命令使用-卸载
# 选项
-e：后面接卸载的包名即可
[[email protected] ~]# rpm -qa|grep nginx
nginx-1.12.0-1.el7.ngx.x86_64
[[email protected] ~]# rpm -e nginx
[[email protected] ~]# rpm -qa |grep nginx
批量删除 如有依赖则卸载不成功
[[email protected] ~]# rpm -qa|grep mariadb
mariadb-server-5.5.68-1.el7.x86_64
mariadb-5.5.68-1.el7.x86_64
mariadb-libs-5.5.68-1.el7.x86_64
[[email protected] ~]# rpm -e $(rpm -qa|grep mariadb)
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yum 报错
## 1.报错
http://mirrors.cloud.aliyuncs.com/centos/7/os/x86_64/Packages/python-srpm-macros-3-34.el7.noarch.rpm: [Errno 14] curl#6 - "Could not resolve host: mirrors.cloud.aliyuncs.com;Unknown error
原因是aliyun的Base源中有另外两个baseurl=那两个网址不是咱们使用的，可以删除
## 2.报错
[[email protected] ~]# yum install -y tr
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Existing lock /var/run/yum.pid:
another copy is running as pid 37209.Another app is currently holding the yum lock; waiting for it to exit...
The other application is: yum Memory : 24 M RSS (769 MB VSZ)
Started: Thu Apr 2121:33:34 2022-00:06 ago
State : Sleeping, pid: 37209
原因：后台已经有yum进程在安装服务，要么就等安装结束，要么kill PID
## 3.网络波动
多执行几次
## 4.环境变量损坏baseurl=http://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/$releasever/os/$basearch/
$releasever：7
$basearch： x86_64
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版权声明
本文为[师莹]所创，转载请带上原文链接，感谢
https://blog.51cto.com/u_15548673/5248716
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