data type

C In language , Every data used by the program , Its type must be specified , You must also specify the return value type of a function . Data type is an abstract form of data processed by computer to program code , The various forms of data that may appear in the computer are analyzed A classification . stay C In language , The data can be roughly divided into the following 4 Categories: ： Basic types , Pointer types , Construct type and empty type .

Basic types

C The most basic data type , Its value cannot be decomposed into other types , yes C The types provided by the language library , Also known as built-in type . Common basic data types are as follows ：

Integer types

Integer data is a value without a decimal part , It can be roughly divided into basic integers , Short integer and long integer （ These three categories are signed numbers ） And unsigned integers （ It also contains three ）. It can be divided into integer variables and integer constants according to storage space or value itself .

Integer variables

signed int ：

1. Short short（ or signed short）： Occupy 2 Byte sum 16 A bit .
2. Basic integers int（ or signed int）： Occupy 4 Byte sum 32 A bit .
3. Long integer long（ or signed long）： Occupy 4 Byte sum 32 A bit .
4. 64 Length shaping （__int64 or long long）： Occupy 8 Byte sum 64 bits .
   
   It can be seen from the above that the occupied size of each integer variable remains unchanged under different operating system widths

Unsigned integer ：
Unsigned integers occupy the same bytes as signed integers , However, the representation range of data is different from the signed number （ Can not be negative ）.

1. Unsigned short unsigned short
2. Unsigned integer unsigned int
3. Unsigned long unsigned long
4. Unsigned 64 Length shaping unsigned int_64（ or unsigned long long）

Summary of Figure 1 ：

integer constants

C Those in the language that are assigned to variables , And added a keyword before the variable declaration const The data type of is integer constant , Also called a constant variable （ But it's essentially a variable ）. Integer constants generally have the following forms ：

1. add to const Constant variable of .
2. Macro definition # define Converts the symbol defined in to a numeric constant .
3. enumeration Variable defines the actual integer constant .

const Type constant variables

Integer constants are generally written in decimal form , Hexadecimal , Octal and binary , And different hexadecimal numbers can be converted to each other .（ Refer to carry counting system conversion for details https://blog.csdn.net/qq_67611811/article/details/124256850?spm=1001.2014.3001.5502） Such a calculation method is only convenient for artificial calculation and data representation , If you want to make the computer recognize data with different base numbers , Each defined integer data constant needs to be preceded by const Keywords at the same time , The integer value to be assigned is preceded by an identifier of different base numbers ：

1. Integer decimal number ： Writing numbers directly represents decimal
2. Integer octal number ： Add... Before octal numbers 0
3. Integer hexadecimal number ： Add... Before the hexadecimal number 0x
4. Integer binary number ： Add... Before the binary string 0b

Code display

explain ：

1. Whether it's a constant or a variable , Can be defined by type and variable identifier , The constant is initialized directly through the identification of various hexadecimal numbers / Variable , Only constants have constant properties after being initialized , Cannot be modified later ：
   

2. When using binary representation, pay attention to , adopt 0b Written All bits of binary values are numeric bits , There is no sign bit ; This is different from the signed original inverse complement .

3. Variables or constants of more than integer data types can be initialized by the assignment of hexadecimal numbers , Other data types , Such as Character , It can also be used as a special integer to be assigned a hexadecimal number ：
   

character char Type can be regarded as a special integer , Integers can also be stored and used normally , The difference lies in char Account for only a 1 byte , And only the lowest 7 Bit weights can store integers , The scope is -128~127, If it is unsigned char be 8 Bits can store values , The range is 0~255：

Looking at the median value of the graph, we can find , although char It is certain that integer values can be stored , But if The stored value exceeds the sign given above char The range of , Neither variable nor constant can store and output the value normally , What happened here char Range cycle of type number and negative boundary problem , The following modules will explain in detail .

Macros define integer constants # define

1. Use # define The macro definition statement implements the numeric pair identifier in Direct substitution in the precompile phase It also belongs to a kind of integer value definition ：
   It should be noted that , The identifier defined by the macro cannot conflict with the local or global variables in this file , Otherwise, the compiler warns that constants cannot be assigned .

2. Use # define Constants can be defined repeatedly , Because the process is actually completed in the pre compilation stage , Therefore, there will be no redefinition of local or global variables ：
   

Be careful ： Macro definition declaration is usually defined at the beginning of a source file , As a constant, it is assigned to other variables as a value by the function in this document , But it cannot be introduced into other files （ Global variables different from static areas ）. If it is the same project file, you want to use it all # define Defined constant , You can create a header file to link the source files , In the header file, the macro defines the value corresponding to the identifier , Can be used directly in one file . Here also need to pay attention , Macro definition follows the principle of proximity , Pictured above , If the identifier defined by the macro in the header file is redefined by the macro in other files , The latest constant value shall prevail when calling the constant value in subsequent files （ Similar to the properties of global variables ）.

Enumeration type enum Defined integer constant

Enumeration type is a kind of basic data type , It can avoid repeating the tedious macro definition of the same function data constant , Here's the picture ：

Instead of repeating redundancy in the above way, use macros to define multiple constant values ,enum Is characterized by the use of a group of data with the same function , A simpler and easier way to define integer constants . Enumeration types are used when dealing with non numeric data ⼀ A numerical alternative ⽅ Law , Used to replace multiple constant sets with specific simple numbers .

The basic format ：
enum Enumeration type name
{
Enumeration constants 1, Enumeration constants 2,…, Enumeration constants n,
};

Code example ：

explain ：

1. enum Itself is c language ⾔ keyword ,enum Combined with type name in ⼀ They are collectively referred to as enumeration types , yes ⼀ Types （ As in the example above weekdays）. When you call this enumeration type in other functions, you need middle note ⼀ An enumeration variable to represent the enumeration type （ As defined in the above example, after enumeration weekends And defined in the main function weekdays Two enumeration variables ）.
2. Enumeration constants can be initialized when the type is defined , Uninitialized enumeration constants are assigned by the first member constant by default 0 Start , From now on, it will increase in turn （ namely 0, 1, 2, …, n）.
3. If the first member has an initialization value ⽽ The rest of the members did not , From the first member value to the next, it will increase automatically （ The first member is 5, Then the rest of the members 6, 7, 8, ,）; The first member is not initialized ,⽽ among ⼀ Member initialization , Then the initialization member will automatically increase in sequence （ If you have any n Members , The first member defaults to 0, The third member is 5, Then the enumeration is 0, 1, 5, 6, 7, …）.
4. C In language , Enumeration types are treated by the compiler as integers int Or unsigned integer unsigned int To deal with the , Its members are integer constants , Therefore, it is usually impossible to loop through its members , Only when its integer member constant is continuous （ There is no value for jumping in the middle ） You can ask questions from beginning to end .
5. Enumeration is compared to define The advantage of is to increase the readability and maintainability of the code , The former is more conducive to the management and modification of data ,⼀ You can define multiple constants at a time and assign specific values or default auto increment state , And it itself is ⼀ Types , More rigorous , It can prevent ⽌ Name pollution .⽽ Although the latter repeatedly defines multiple define The same can be achieved , But it's redundant and it's not of any kind , Give the same name for modifying the entire code ⽽⽣, Not applicable to the use of some codes .
6. Each member of an enum type can be thought of as ⼀ A member list of integer constants （ Because it starts from the first member by default 0,1,2,3…）, So for enum Enumeration type calculation ⼤ Xiao yewei 4 byte .
7. Enumeration type names can be omitted , However, the enumeration variable at this time can only be defined after its declaration , And multiple... Can be declared at the same time ：
   
   This example declares enum Because there is no type , So if you don't create variables after declaration , In subsequent function calls, you cannot create new variables of this enumeration type .
8. Attention is also needed , A constant of an enumeration type cannot be assigned a value in a function , You can only assign their values to other variables ; And other variables in the function （ Especially global variables ） It's best not to duplicate their identifiers , Will cause the principle of proximity .
   

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